Comércio internacional
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Comércio mundial |
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O comércio internacional é a troca de capital , bens e serviços através das fronteiras ou territórios internacionais [1] porque há uma necessidade ou falta de bens ou serviços. [2]
Na maioria dos países, esse comércio representa uma parcela significativa do produto interno bruto (PIB). Embora o comércio internacional tenha existido ao longo da história (por exemplo , Uttarapatha , Silk Road , Amber Road , scramble for Africa , comércio de escravos no Atlântico , estradas salgadas ), sua importância econômica, social e política tem aumentado nos últimos séculos.
A realização de comércio em nível internacional é um processo complexo quando comparado ao comércio interno . Quando o comércio ocorre entre dois ou mais estados, fatores como moeda, políticas governamentais, economia, sistema judicial, leis e mercados influenciam o comércio.
Para suavizar e justificar o processo de comércio entre países de diferentes níveis econômicos, algumas organizações econômicas internacionais foram formadas, como a Organização Mundial do Comércio . Essas organizações trabalham para a facilitação e o crescimento do comércio internacional. Os serviços estatísticos de organizações intergovernamentais e supranacionais e agências estatísticas governamentais publicam estatísticas oficiais sobre o comércio internacional.
Características do comércio global [ editar ]
Um produto que é transferido ou vendido de uma parte em um país para uma parte em outro país é uma exportação do país de origem e uma importação para o país que recebe esse produto. As importações e exportações são contabilizadas na conta corrente de um país no balanço de pagamentos . [3]
O comércio global pode dar aos consumidores e países a oportunidade de serem expostos a novos mercados e produtos. Quase todo tipo de produto pode ser encontrado no mercado internacional , por exemplo: alimentos, roupas, peças de reposição, óleo, joias, vinhos, ações, moedas e água. Também são comercializados serviços, como turismo , bancos , consultoria e transporte .
Tecnologia avançada (incluindo transporte ), globalização , industrialização , terceirização e corporações multinacionais têm grandes impactos no sistema de comércio internacional . [ citação necessária ]
O aumento do comércio internacional é crucial para a continuidade da globalização. [ carece de fontes? ] Os países seriam limitados aos bens e serviços produzidos dentro de suas próprias fronteiras sem comércio internacional. O comércio internacional beneficia muitos países em vários aspectos.
Diferenças do comércio interno [ editar ]
O comércio internacional não é, em princípio, diferente do comércio interno, pois a motivação e o comportamento das partes envolvidas em um comércio não mudam fundamentalmente, independentemente de o comércio ser transfronteiriço ou não.
No entanto, em termos práticos, realizar o comércio em nível internacional é normalmente um processo mais complexo do que o comércio interno. A principal diferença é que o comércio internacional costuma ser mais caro do que o interno. Isso se deve ao fato de que uma fronteira normalmente impõe custos adicionais, como tarifas , custos de tempo devido a atrasos na fronteira e custos associados a diferenças de país, como idioma, sistema legal ou cultura ( barreiras não tarifárias ).
Outra diferença entre o comércio doméstico e internacional é que fatores de produção , como capital e trabalhocostumam ter mais mobilidade dentro de um país do que entre outros países. Assim, o comércio internacional é principalmente restrito ao comércio de bens e serviços, e apenas em menor grau ao comércio de capital, trabalho ou outros fatores de produção. O comércio de bens e serviços pode substituir o comércio de fatores de produção. Em vez de importar um fator de produção, um país pode importar bens que fazem uso intensivo desse fator de produção e, portanto, o incorporam. Um exemplo disso é a importação de bens de mão-de-obra intensiva da China pelos Estados Unidos. Em vez de importar mão-de-obra chinesa, os Estados Unidos importam bens produzidos com mão-de-obra chinesa. Um relatório de 2010 sugeriu que o comércio internacional aumentou quando um país hospedou uma rede de imigrantes,mas o efeito do comércio foi enfraquecido quando os imigrantes foram assimilados em seu novo país.[4]
History[edit]
The history of international trade chronicles notable events that have affected trading among various economies.
Theories and models[edit]
There are several models that seek to explain the factors behind international trade, the welfare consequences of trade and the pattern of trade.
Most traded export products[edit]
Largest countries by total international trade[edit]
The following table is a list of the 21 largest trading states according to the World Trade Organization.[5][failed verification]
Rank | State | International trade of goods (billions of USD) | International trade of services (billions of USD) | Total international trade of goods and services (billions of USD) |
---|---|---|---|---|
– | World | 32,430 | 9,635 | 42,065 |
– | ![]() | 3,821 | 1,604 | 5,425 |
1 | ![]() | 3,706 | 1,215 | 4,921 |
2 | ![]() | 3,686 | 656 | 4,342 |
3 | ![]() | 2,626 | 740 | 3,366 |
4 | ![]() | 1,066 | 571 | 1,637 |
5 | ![]() | 1,250 | 350 | 1,600 |
6 | ![]() | 1,074 | 470 | 1,544 |
7 | ![]() | 1,073 | 339 | 1,412 |
8 | ![]() | 1,064 | 172 | 1,236 |
9 | ![]() | 902 | 201 | 1,103 |
10 | ![]() | 866 | 200 | 1,066 |
11 | ![]() | 807 | 177 | 984 |
12 | ![]() | 763 | 212 | 975 |
13 | ![]() | 623 | 294 | 917 |
13 | ![]() | 613 | 304 | 917 |
15 | ![]() | 771 | 53 | 824 |
16 | ![]() | 596 | 198 | 794 |
17 | ![]() | 572 | 207 | 779 |
18 | ![]() | 511 | 93 | 604 |
19 | ![]() | 473 | 122 | 595 |
20 | ![]() | 248 | 338 | 586 |
21 | ![]() | 491 | 92 | 583 |
Top traded commodities by value (exports)[edit]
Rank | Commodity | Value in US$('000) | Date of information |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Mineral fuels, oils, distillation products, etc. | $2,183,079,941 | 2015 |
2 | Electrical, electronic equipment | $1,833,534,414 | 2015 |
3 | Machinery, nuclear reactors, boilers, etc. | $1,763,371,813 | 2015 |
4 | Vehicles (excluding railway) | $1,076,830,856 | 2015 |
5 | Plastics and articles thereof | $470,226,676 | 2015 |
6 | Optical, photo, technical, medical, etc. apparatus | $465,101,524 | 2015 |
7 | Pharmaceutical products | $443,596,577 | 2015 |
8 | Iron and steel | $379,113,147 | 2015 |
9 | Organic chemicals | $377,462,088 | 2015 |
10 | Pearls, precious stones, metals, coins, etc. | $348,155,369 | 2015 |
Source: International Trade Centre[7]
Observances[edit]
In the United States, the various U.S. Presidents have held observances to promote big and small companies to be more involved with the export and import of goods and services. President George W. Bush observed World Trade Week on May 18, 2001, and May 17, 2002.[8][9] On May 13, 2016, President Barack Obama proclaimed May 15 through May 21, 2016, World Trade Week, 2016.[10] On May 19, 2017, President Donald Trump proclaimed May 21 through May 27, 2017, World Trade Week, 2017.[11][12] World Trade Week is the third week of May. Every year the President declares that week to be World Trade Week.[13][14]
International trade versus local production[edit]
Local food[edit]
In the case of food production trade-offs in forms of local food and distant food production are controversial with limited studies comparing environmental impact and scientists cautioning that regionally specific environmental impacts should be considered.[15] Effects of local food on greenhouse gas emissions may vary per origin and target region of the production. A 2020 study indicated that local food crop production alone cannot meet the demand for most food crops with "current production and consumption patterns" and the locations of food production at the time of the study for 72–89% of the global population and 100–km radiuses as of early 2020.[16][17][18] Studies found that food miles are a relatively minor factor of carbon emissions, albeit increased food localization may also enable additional, more significant, environmental benefits such as recycling of energy, water, and nutrients.[19] For specific foods regional differences in harvest seasons may make it more environmentally friendly to import from distant regions than more local production and storage or local production in greenhouses.[20]
Qualitative differences and economic aspects[edit]
Qualitative differences between substitutive products of different production regions may exist due to different legal requirements and quality standards or different levels of controllability by local production- and governance-systems which may have aspects of security beyond resource security, environmental protection, product quality and product design and health. The process of transforming supply as well as labor rights may differ as well.
Local production has been reported to increase local employment in many cases. A 2018 study claimed that international trade can increase local employment.[21] A 2016 study found that local employment and total labor income in both manufacturing and nonmanufacturing were negatively affected by rising exposure to imports.[22]
Local production in high-income countries, rather than distant regions may require higher wages for workers. Higher wages incentivize automation[23] which could allow for automated workers' time to be reallocated by society and its economic mechanisms or be converted into leisure-like time.
Specialization, production efficiency and regional differences[edit]
Local production may require knowledge transfer, technology transfer and may not be able to compete in efficiency initially with specialized, established industries and businesses, or in consumer demand without policy measures such as eco-tariffs. Regional differences may cause specific regions to be more suitable for specific production, thereby increasing advantages of specific trade over specific local production. Forms of local production that are highly localized may not be able to meet the efficiency of more large-scale, highly consolidated production in terms of efficiency, including of environmental impact.[citation needed]
Resource security[edit]

A systematic, and possibly first large-scale, cross-sectoral analysis of water, energy and land in security in 189 countries that links total and sectorial consumption to sources showed that countries and sectors are highly exposed to over-exploited, insecure, and degraded such resources with economic globalization having decreased security of global supply chains. The 2020 study finds that most countries exhibit greater exposure to resource risks via international trade – mainly from remote production sources – and that diversifying trading partners is unlikely to help countries and sectors to reduce these or to improve their resource self-sufficiency.[24][25][26][27]
See also[edit]
- Aggressive legalism
- Export control
- Free trade
- Free-trade area
- Gravity model of trade
- Import (international trade)
- Interdependence
- International business
- International trade law
- Internationalization
- Market Segmentation Index
- Mercantilism
- Monopolistic competition in international trade
- Northwest Passage
- Panama Canal
- Suez Canal
- Tariff
- Trade Adjustment Assistance
- Trade bloc
- Trade finance
- United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
- Lists
- List of countries by current account balance
- List of countries by imports
- List of countries by exports
- List of international trade topics
Notes[edit]
- ^ "Trade – Define Trade at Dictionary.com". Dictionary.com.
- ^ International Trade and Finance by ICC Academy
- ^ Staff, Investopedia (2003-11-25). "Balance Of Payments (BOP)". Investopedia. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
- ^ Kusum Mundra (October 18, 2010). "Immigrant Networks and U.S. Bilateral Trade: The Role of Immigrant Income". papers.ssrn. SSRN 1693334.
Mundra, Kusum, Immigrant Networks and U.S. Bilateral Trade: The Role of Immigrant Income. IZA Discussion Paper No. 5237. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1693334 ... this paper finds that the immigrant network effect on trade flows is weakened by the increasing level of immigrant assimilation.
- ^ Leading merchandise exporters and importers, 2016
- ^ excluding intra-EU trade
- ^ International Trade Centre (ITC). "Trade Map - Trade statistics for international business development".
- ^ Office of the Press Secretary (May 22, 2001). "World Trade Week, 2001". Federal Register. Washington, D.C.: Federal Government of the United States. Archived from the original on November 24, 2016. Retrieved March 13, 2017. Alt URL
- ^ Office of the Press Secretary (May 22, 2002). "World Trade Week, 2002". Federal Register. Washington, D.C.: Federal Government of the United States. Archived from the original on March 13, 2017. Retrieved March 12, 2017. Alt URL
- ^ "Presidential Proclamation -- World Trade Week, 2016". whitehouse.gov. Washington, D.C. May 13, 2016. Retrieved April 11, 2017 – via National Archives.
- ^ Office of the Press Secretary (May 19, 2017). "President Donald J. Trump Proclaims May 21 through May 27, 2017, as World Trade Week". whitehouse.gov. Washington, D.C.: White House. Archived from the original on May 20, 2017. Retrieved May 20, 2017.
- ^ "President Donald J. Trump Proclaims May 21 through May 27, 2017, as World Trade Week". World News Network. United States: World News Inc. May 20, 2017. Retrieved May 20, 2017.
- ^ "Import Export Data". Import Export data. Retrieved 2017-10-06.
- ^ "World Trade Week New York". World Trade Week New York. Retrieved 2017-10-06.
- ^ Rothwell, Alison; Ridoutt, Brad; Page, Girija; Bellotti, William (15 February 2016). "Environmental performance of local food: trade-offs and implications for climate resilience in a developed city". Journal of Cleaner Production. 114: 420–430. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.04.096. ISSN 0959-6526. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
- ^ Dunphy, Siobhán (28 April 2020). "Majority of the world's population depends on imported food". European Scientist. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
- ^ "Relying on 'local food' is a distant dream for most of the world". phys.org. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
- ^ Kinnunen, Pekka; Guillaume, Joseph H. A.; Taka, Maija; D’Odorico, Paolo; Siebert, Stefan; Puma, Michael J.; Jalava, Mika; Kummu, Matti (April 2020). "Local food crop production can fulfil demand for less than one-third of the population". Nature Food. 1 (4): 229–237. doi:10.1038/s43016-020-0060-7.
- ^ Yang, Yi; Campbell, J. Elliott (1 March 2017). "Improving attributional life cycle assessment for decision support: The case of local food in sustainable design". Journal of Cleaner Production. 145: 361–366. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.01.020. ISSN 0959-6526. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
- ^ Edwards-Jones, Gareth (2010). "Does eating local food reduce the environmental impact of food production and enhance consumer health?". Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 69 (4): 582–591. doi:10.1017/S0029665110002004. ISSN 1475-2719. PMID 20696093. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
- ^ Wang, Zhi; Wei, Shang-Jin; Yu, Xinding; Zhu, Kunfu (13 August 2018). "Re-examining the Effects of Trading with China on Local Labor Markets: A Supply Chain Perspective". National Bureau of Economic Research. Retrieved 4 December 2020. Cite journal requires
|journal=
(help) - ^ Malgouyres, Clément (2017). "The Impact of Chinese Import Competition on the Local Structure of Employment and Wages: Evidence from France". Journal of Regional Science. 57 (3): 411–441. doi:10.1111/jors.12303. ISSN 1467-9787. S2CID 56047849. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
- ^ "How Artificial Intelligence Could Widen the Gap Between Rich and Poor Nations". IMF Blog. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
Higher wages Advanced economies have higher wages because total factor productivity is higher. These higher wages induce firms in advanced economies to use robots more intensively to begin with, especially when robots easily substitute for workers. Then, when robot productivity rises, the advanced economy will benefit more in the long run. This divergence grows larger, the more robots substitute for workers.
- ^ "Global trade linked to resource insecurity". Cosmos Magazine. 26 October 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- ^ Dunphy, Siobhán (20 November 2020). "Is globalisation compatible with sustainable and resilient supply chains?". European Scientist. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- ^ "Globalized economy making water, energy and land insecurity worse: study". phys.org. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- ^ Taherzadeh, Oliver; Bithell, Mike; Richards, Keith (28 October 2020). "Water, energy and land insecurity in global supply chains". Global Environmental Change: 102158. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102158. ISSN 0959-3780. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
References[edit]
- Jones, Ronald W. (1961). "Comparative Advantage and the Theory of Tariffs". The Review of Economic Studies. 28 (3): 161–175. doi:10.2307/2295945. JSTOR 2295945.
- McKenzie, Lionel W. (1954). "Specialization and Efficiency in World Production". The Review of Economic Studies. 21 (3): 165–180. doi:10.2307/2295770. JSTOR 2295770.
- Samuelson, Paul (2001). "A Ricardo-Sraffa Paradigm Comparing the Gains from Trade in Inputs and Finished Goods". Journal of Economic Literature. 39 (4): 1204–1214. doi:10.1257/jel.39.4.1204.
External links[edit]
Data[edit]
Statistics from intergovernmental sources[edit]
Data on the value of exports and imports and their quantities often broken down by detailed lists of products are available in statistical collections on international trade published by the statistical services of intergovernmental and supranational organisations and national statistical institutes. The definitions and methodological concepts applied for the various statistical collections on international trade often differ in terms of definition (e.g. special trade vs. general trade) and coverage (reporting thresholds, inclusion of trade in services, estimates for smuggled goods and cross-border provision of illegal services). Metadata providing information on definitions and methods are often published along with the data.
- United Nations Commodity Trade Database
- Trade Map, trade statistics for international business development
- WTO Statistics Portal
- Statistical Portal: OECD
- European Union International Trade in Goods Data
- Food and Agricultural Trade Data by FAO
Other data sources[edit]
- Resources for data on trade, including the gravity model
- Asia-Pacific Trade Agreements Database (APTIAD)
- Asia-Pacific Research and Training Network on Trade (ARTNeT)
- World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS)
- Market Access Map, an online database of customs tariffs and market requirements
- Trade Data Monitor, a database of monthly import/export statistics for all countries and commodities (subscription required)
- ExportNation Trade Statistics
- Export Port and Product List
Other external links[edit]
- The Observatory of Economic Complexity
- International Trade
- The McGill Faculty of Law runs a Regional Trade Agreements Database that contains the text of almost all preferential and regional trade agreements in the world. ptas.mcgill.ca
- Historical documents on international trade available on FRASER
- Import-Export company